King Leopolds Ghost

Lord Leopold’s Ghost is a history book composed by Adam Hochschild where he investigates how King Leopold II of Belgium abused Congo Free State in 1885-1908. The principle motivation behind why Hochschild composed the book was to make individuals mindful of the European power’s wrongdoings in Congo. Ruler Leopold’s Ghost gives a record of a brutal, coldhearted and clever lord who struck Congo and removed the lives of the individuals and financial assets in the nation.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on King Leopold’s Ghost explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More It likewise portrays those daring men who opposed the lord, for example, the teachers, youthful romantics and voyagers. Numerous European forces needed to claim up Africa and Asia in nineteenth century. Ruler Leopold II of Belgium chose to make endeavors to join royal pioneers in their mission to acquire Africa and Asia. He figured out how to hold onto Congo River and its encompassing. He at that point directed destructive assault of Congo whereby he plundered elastic, abuse Congolese individuals and decreased the populace by disposal ten million residents. Ruler Leopold anyway viewed himself as an incredible philanthropic for all these malevolent activities. Ecclesiastical overseer of Canterbury, Mark Twain and numerous others united to uncover King Leopold’s terrible deeds in Congo. This in the long run prompted the arrangement of Human Rights Movement. This paper for the most part ponders how colonization sabotaged Congolese society and why this was a characteristic consequence generally nineteenth century colonialism. Numerous nations which were colonized by European forces were significantly sabotaged. The European forces utilized inordinate power to acquire what they needed from the countries they had vanquished and the individuals. They exposed their provinces to constrained work, merciless slaughtered them, pulverized their pr operties and sold them out to subjugation. Congo Free State is only a case of those African and Asian nations that were subverted by colonization. This along these lines implies that what befell Congolese society was an average and normal aftereffect recently nineteenth century government which was drilled in numerous countries, for example, Assyrian Empire, Roman Empire, Japan, Chinese Empire, Persian Empire, Greece, Ottoman Empire and Byzantine Empire. Lord Leopold II was much the same as other settler who celebrated in malicious activities. Ruler Leopold II of Belgium viewed himself as an extraordinary philanthropic for destructive strike of Congo whereby he plundered elastic, abuse Congolese individuals and diminished the populace by disposal ten million residents. Colonialism was a questionable perspective whereby radicals advocated their actions.Advertising Looking for exposition on history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They accepted that they followed up on a reasonable ground by accomplishing their work best since they believed themselves to be most elevated in social effectiveness. Magnificent forces accepted that the world and the individuals in it ought to be created and administered by the individuals who had the most elevated social effectiveness and they saw themselves to have that capacity to oversee the world dependent on the most ideal way they knew. Ruler Leopold of Belgium is among the most impressive radicals to have lived. In his book, King Leopold’s Ghost, Hochschild depicted King Leopard as a covetous beast and piqued individual who was resolved at a youthful age to claim African province and make them his subject to have the option to procure the riches in the nation. In the wake of assuming control over Congo Free State, Leopold chose to make benefits out of ivory in Congo by pulverizing the lives of numerous elephants in the country. Leopold really abused all the iv ory in Congo Free State. The development of worldwide gold and elastic market constrained Leopold change his arrangements of removing ivory since it was not, at this point significant as gold and elastic. Leopold started to compel Congolese individuals into the woodland to gather elastic. At the point when he felt unsatisfied by the work that the residents were doing in the woods, Leopold requested his troopers to whip the individuals which left countless individuals dead. The fighters utilized people to test whether their slugs were working. The local individuals were the primary casualties of King Leopold II. They lost their own territory and opportunity to Leopold. Leopold utilized power and cruel techniques to aggregate elastic. He swindled the local individuals that he would bring them Christian foundation, European progress and morals in work. Leopold removed kids and ladies prisoner while men had to make shares. The ladies were held in chains while trusting that their spouses will bring back the perfect measure of elastic as requested by Leopold. The individuals who wavered were either slaughtered or tormented by the officers. The hands of slaves were cut off to place in a bushel to go about as a proof of homicide which Leopold celebrated in. Imperialized predominantly celebrated in causing others torment and compelling them to obey him. Ruler Leopold enjoyed the way that he was threatening and controlling an immense populace. This was anyway more abnormal since the radicals asserted that they were humanized at this point they rewarded individuals in an alternate way.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on King Leopold’s Ghost explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Leopold considered quicker method of killing the locals in Congo since he was certain that the wild elastic in the country will at last be taken by the individuals who worked in the elastic estates to pick up benefit. Leopold consolidated with others to stem powers in Congo and in the long run figured out how to pulverize the country. Leopold had aced conventional African methods of mistreatment and brigandage that he used to accomplish what he needed from the locals. He additionally had horrendous involvement in various procedures used to deliver torment on individuals which will in the long run make them give up to his solicitations. Leopold likewise utilized automatic weapons, steamers and railroads as he continued looking for Africa. The slaves were utilized to move the elastic to the railhead or to the stream. Leopold was a wild man both outside and inside his castle. His unparalleled political system and his shrewdness strategies empowered him to get United States far from Congo with the end goal that they couldn't research what was occurring in the nation. Leopold kept on appreciating the security he got from United States regardless of the way that they were against servitude, pioneer and restricted republican chiefs. The Europe an countries didn't include much in Congo which was surprising given that colonialism and preference was a lot of boundless in the nation. Leopold anyway kept on butchering Congolese individuals and endeavor those in the West. There were anyway some valiant men who chose to protest Leopold method of administering in Congo. They incorporate George Washington Williams, Roger Casement, E.D. Morel and William Sheppard. They helped in acquiring verifiable events Congo that was covered up to general society particularly to United States. They talked about the human maltreatment that was occurring in Congo under the standard of King Leopold II of Belgium. All in all, the book King Leopold’s Ghost is a record of an unfeeling, cutthroat and clever King Leopold II of Belgium who assaulted Congo and removed the lives of the individuals and financial assets in the country. It likewise depicts those fearless men who defied the lord, for example, the evangelists, youthful dreamers and voya gers. This paper has thought about how colonization sabotaged Congolese society. This article on King Leopold’s Ghost was composed and put together by client Anderson Everett to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

The Martin Luther King Jr. Dream Speech Essay Example for Free

The Martin Luther King Jr. Dream Speech Essay In no other spot were the general longs for African Americans preferable expressed over in the discourse conveyed by Martin Luther Jr. on August 28, 1963. Martin Luther appropriately expressed what had been the quiet any expectation of numerous African Americans who had endured isolation, bondage and uncalled for treatment from their Caucasian experts. Martin Luther be that as it may, talked not from a casualty angle, however from the stance of an individual who realized that what America was seeing that day was only a pointer to better what might be on the horizon. His discourse was brimming with trust, yet he concurred that a hundred years after the marking of the liberation declaration, the dark individuals were not yet free, they were as yet poor in a nation that sparkled in thriving and they were not yet acknowledged as a component of the more noteworthy American culture. This notwithstanding, didn't stop him from being cheerful. He despite everything accepted that there was trust in the promissory note portrayed by the expressions of the American constitution just as the Declaration of Independence that the privilege to life, freedom and satisfaction would be accessible to everybody paying little heed to their skin shading. In spite of the fact that he realized that the dark individuals had been denied numerous things, he wouldn't accept that the circumstance would resemble that eternity. He picked exchange over conflict as confirm by his discourse and however numerous blacks may have been excited by his support for them, the heaviness of the words probably contacted a nerve with the white larger part. Martin Luther engendered the genuine importance of majority rule government in his discourse, which would incorporate taking out social treacheries and grasping fellowship (Demetrice, A. Perry, J. Jr). Being a straight talker, he talked obviously about what the African Americans would do in the event that they were not conceded citizenship rights. â€Å"The tornadoes of revolt will shake the establishments of this nation until equity is done† he said. He told the Caucasians that their fate was attached to the African American’s. In this discourse, Martin Luther King Jr. did what many slave revolts had been not able to do; persuade the white network that America expected to have balance among all the races present if the nation was to create. The Nat Turner Confession Nat Turner then again, began the slave defiance in Antebellum South by sorting out dark men to butcher white men. In the prison where he was imprisoned after the defiance, Turner admitted about his life and what had driven him to organize the disobedience. In the admission, it was apparent that Turner also felt the touch of subjection and profound inside, much the same as Martin Luther , had the fantasy that one day, the dark individuals would be free. His methodology was not the same as Martin Luther’s as he used savagery in an offer to air the slave’s complaints. Turner accepted that he had been supernaturally chosen for set the dark network free. This was a similar explanation he had given for coming back to his lord subsequent to fleeing. He guaranteed that he had gotten divine disclosure and that he should serve his natural ace. His time in servitude be that as it may, permitted him to plan for what he named as his extraordinary strategic, was to execute the white individuals. Regarded among his companions for his incredible knowledge, Turner had the option to persuade them effectively to participate in the rebellion. Obviously, the dark network was tired of the evil treatment, yet had no channels through which they could vent their dissatisfactions. At the point when Turner recommended the revolt, they were very ready to tail him (Gray, T. R, 1831). By and large, Nat Turner and Martin Luther King Jr. were two individuals with shared objectives of freeing the dark network from subjugation. Their methodologies were diverse in that one pick strategy, while the other pick an insurgency. Impression of the African American History in the Speeches Both the Turner admission and the Martin Luther King dream discourse depict a piece of African-American history that spun around servitude and the forswearing of fundamental opportunities and rights by the white network. In his discourse, Martin Luther depicts his fantasies well about what he trusted America would turn into. Thusly, we get the image that for each fantasy that he set forth, the inverse was actually evident, in actuality. Bigotry was at the very least, with the blacks enduring the unpolished of it. This is clear when he says that the â€Å"whites only† signs burglarize their kids off their respect. A striking contrast between the blacks is clear when Martin Luther says that though the Negroes in Mississippi are denied the option to cast a ballot, those in New York accept they have no motivation to cast a ballot The two discourses further uncover that not every single white individuals were against the liberation of the dark individuals and that without a doubt a critical number of Caucasian Americans regarded and respected the dark individuals. In Martin Luther’s discourse, he says that the nearness of white individuals during his discourse conveyance was proof enough that not every white individuals are to be doubted. This anyway gets the job done the standard during those days that blacks would consistently see the white individuals dubiously. Nat Turner additionally recognizes that his lord understood his extraordinary potential and commented that he would not be of any valuable assistance as a worker. It is likewise uncovered by Turner that servitude was a profoundly submitting work, with the end goal that he could possibly ask when his bondage obligations permitted. He additionally uncovers that it was normal for the captives to flee from their master’s homesteads and look for shelter in a portion of the states that had announced opportunity for the slaves. The contrast between the two addresses is that the Martin Luther discourse was perused 100 years after the marking of the liberation announcement, while the Turner admission was given when blacks were still under subjection in numerous states. The two along these lines have various parts of African American history with Turner’s giving some knowledge in to what life was during the servitude period, while Martin Luther’s gives bits on the moderate advancement that the white society made before tolerating the free dark network as a major aspect of the bigger American culture. As indicated by the Martin Luther discourse, regardless of the consenting to of the liberation arrangement in 1862, the dark individuals were as yet injured by ties of isolation and separation. In that capacity, the dark couldn't get to essential administrations without any difficulty as the whites did. Neediness was likewise generally spread among the dark network particularly in light of the fact that they worked for little wages and didn't possess property like their lords. Martin Luther says that the dark network was still in an island of destitution, while their nation was an expanse of success. Also, he analyzes the Negroes to individuals who find that they are very outcast in their own territory. Martin Luther likewise mirrored the cheerful idea of the dark network who with each new day trusted that something better and additionally encouraging would come their direction. He stated, and in a way caught the conviction of many dark individuals, that the vaults of American open doors had not run dry and that more open doors would open up for the dark individuals. A piece of the legacy that has been related with the subjection time is the Negro spirituals as expressed in the Martin Luther discourse. Impressions of the talks on the Contemporary African American culture Through the challenging and brave demonstrations of Nat Turner, numerous African Americans had the option to realize that subjection is a thing that they didn't need to endure. Therefore, a significant number of them began clamoring for opportunity, calls that in the long run prompted their liberation. The white slave proprietors were likewise increasingly mindful of the blending uprising among the slaves and rather than prior occasions when they could manager the slaves around, they began giving them some degree of majority rule space. This was done so as to stay away from mass rebellions. The way that the whites and blacks figured out how to regard one another and even welcome each other’s commitments may indirectly affect the connection among whites and blacks in contemporary society. Martin Luther then again supported for human rights, a typical trademark in today’s society. Despite the fact that not a safeguard of the dark network alone, human right infringement are constantly met by fights that look to tell the decision class that the majority are not happy with the negative social turns of events. In that capacity, Martin Luther pushed for the best possible assortment of realities, assurance of whether equity exists, haggling with the gatherings concerned and on the off chance that this fizzles, at that point direct activity would be the following best thing (africanamericans. com). Today, the dark network is among the minority bunches who yell the most intense at whatever point their privileges are encroached upon. The Speeches additionally show the contemporary society that persecuted individuals can't stay in that position everlastingly and that in the end their longing for opportunity will override the powers that attempt to hold them down. With the African-American, the abuse stirred them to the way that opportunity is genuine and that it can likewise be increased through perseverance. In a contemporary setting, the discourse mirrors the way that discontent whenever directed into the privilege and innovative outlets can shoulder alluring outcomes. Promotion is such one mix which consistently gives an option in contrast to encounters. The expressions of Martin Luther reverberate well in the contemporary world. For instance, one of his well known expressions is â€Å"Injustice anyplace is a danger to Justice everywhere†. No dark head can vouch for this announcement superior to the world chiefs all things considered, hues or statements of faith who have seen shamefulness grow and in the end become a wide spread calamity that pulls in protestors to the boulevards. The solid conviction that Turner and Martin Luther battled for the reason just as the rights and opportunities of the dark network have prompted what has been marked the African-American com

Study of Nurse Workarounds in a Hospital Using Bar Code Medication Research Paper

Investigation of Nurse Workarounds in a Hospital Using Bar Code Medication Administration System - Research Paper Example The usage of BCMA innovation may affect contrarily on the nurses’ perspectives toward the prescription organization process. This, thusly, might make work forms progressively hard to attendants while regulating prescription to patients. This paper will give a reaction to Goodner’s diary article as respects to nurses’ discernment to the utilization of BCMA framework and afterward give my judgment over the issue. It will likewise survey three other diary articles to determine whether they concur with my perspective. At long last, the paper will list my assessment and three purposes of measures utilized in my judgment. Research uncovers that drug mistakes are the most as often as possible experienced preventable blunders at (19%) as indicated by Gooder (2011). Gooder notes that generally (34%) medicine blunders occur during drug organization. The effects of these blunders are legitimately identified with patients and can cause grave wounds. It is hence that the Institute of Administration (IOM) suggested the presentation of bar coded medicine organization framework (BCMAs) as an answer for prescription organization mistakes. This, contends Gooder, will decrease medicine mistakes by about 86%. This is genuine in light of the fact that it will upgrade the counteraction of patient wounds, which have described the greater part of today’s clinics. Then again, the innovation will likewise improve the general nature of administrations offered in the emergency clinic. With the utilization of the innovation, there will be quicker organization of prescription and improved exactness in administration c onveyance. This will improve the general fulfillment of patients. Notwithstanding the advantages of the BCMA framework as respects mistake decrease, Gooder notes a few worries about its wellbeing and viability. Among the worries is the resistance with the BCMA framework by medical caretakers in numerous emergency clinic settings.

What is the Use of RSA Algorithm Research Assignment - 6600 Words

What is the Use of RSA Algorithm Research Assignment (Math Problem Sample) Content: NameInstructor NameCourse NumberDateMATHEMATICS: RSA AlgorithmRSA AlgorithmUse of computers and internet has called for tight privacy protection as users have their sensitive information stored on networks and on computers. There have been many methods that have been developed but none beats the RSA algorithm used for encryption. For these reason, I have decided to find out how the algorithm encrypts and decrypts data and the mathematical concepts that makes it the hardest to crack.The RSA is used to create a private communication channel through encryption that is done using mathematical principles. The Euclids theory states thata(n)1 (mod 1) Where a and b are said to be relatively prime.With an arbitrary exponent m, it can be expressed as k1n+k2 for some values of k1and k2, thus the theorem implies that am=ak2(mod n)Eulers theorem further implies that with two exponents, say, e and d such that one of them is a the multiplicative inverse of the other modulo (n), we will have Me*dMe*dmod nM (mod n) where 0MFor instance, take n to be 15 so p and q meaning that n= p*q and (n)= (p-1) (q-1)This property is very essential for the encryption and decryption of messages as it is shown below.Let us take n as the modular arithmetic, an integer e which is a coprime to totient (n), and d as the multiplicative inverse of e modulo (n). Given a integer M, where 0M n, to represent the message to send, we would like to transform it to a cipher text, C by carrying out a modulo exponentiationC=M mod nLet us take a block of cipher that we would like to encrypt 1024 bit block at a go. Now we can think oe every plain text block as an integer M with value of 0 M 21024-1.From C we can get M as shownC=Me mod nM=Cdmod nSinceMedmod n=Med(mod (n))M(mod n)This creates the basis which the RSA algorithm uses in encryption and decryption of messages.Implementing the Basis in RSAThis basis shown above will be used to decrypt and encrypt messages to ensure a private commun ication channel as discussed below.Two people, A and B, want to communicate using a private channel. A is the recipient and B the sender. A will have a public key {e, n} which are integers and {d, n}, another pair of integers, as private key. B, on the other hand, wants to send a message M to A and therefore will use integers {e, n} which is As public key to create a cipher text C. A will have to use his private key {d, n} to decrypt C message M upon receiving it. In case M is too long, RSA will be used block cipher.Both the sender and the receiver generate a public and a private key pair by * Randomly selecting two large prime numbers: p and q * They both compute the modulus n = p*q where n=(p-1)(q-1) * They then select a random encryption key e where 1 * Solve the equation, e*d =1 mod (n) to find decryption key d where od1 * They then, publish their public encryption key and keep their private decryption key secret.ExampleBoth e and d have been given from basis discussed above. T he modulus n has to be chosen.Choosing the ModulusThe modulus n is an important part of the RSA algorithm. This is because, the sender and the receiver must have them to enable either side to encrypt or decrypt a text. As indicated above, given d and e, then, the modulus n that is selected must satisfy the following conditions.The above condition must be satisfied because the cypher text which is encrypted version of the initial message m. it should also be known that the encryption of the message integer M is performed by.Research has indicated that, for the above condition to be met, n must be as a result of multiplying two prime numbers. This implies that:N=p*q where p and q are prime numbersFor the above two numbers to be considered when determining the modulus n, each prime number or coprime numbers must possess the following qualities: * If any 2 integers (p and q) are relatively prime to each other (coprimes),then the following is true for any 2 integers a and b:{}{}The abov e equivalence is true becauseImplies for a particular integer kAdditionally, we also have implies this can be lead to for some. As a result, this can be written as and this proves the equivalence.It should be known that the above equivalence is true if p and q have other common factors apart from 1. * Apart from being coprimes, p and q should also be primes themselves. This means that if p and q are primes, then the totient of n can be decomposed into the totients of p and q.To facilitate security of the cipher text, the two primes (p and q) are supposed to be very large. Apart from making the prime factors to be large, cipher security should be guaranteed by ensuring that n cannot be factorized by any factorizing algorithms.The large size of the primes makes more difficult to determine the prime numbers than determining whether its a prime number or not.Proof of the RSA algorithmWe use n which is a product of two primes p and q thusn=p*qm= (p-1) * (q-1)e proves that 1 e n and e an d m are coprime numbersd proves that d * e mod m =1m will satisfy 0 = m nc=m**e modulo nThusM== C**d modulo n is true * We need to prove that M== C**d modulo n is trueM** (e*d) mod p=m** (k1*m+1) mod p because d*e mod m = 1 and factoring 1 M out = (M** (k1*m)) * M mod p. Because m= (p-1) * (q-1) which is = (M** (k1* (q-1) * (p-1)))*M mod p and then set k2= k1 * (q-1) which is = (M** (k2* (p-1)))*M mod p then= ((M** (p-1) mod p) **k2)* M mod pWhen M and P are comprime numbersM** (e*d) mod p= (1**k2)* M mod PThus M = PElseM == k*p must be true because P is a prime numberThusM mod p == 0M** (e*d) mod p == 0M** (e*d) mod p ==M mod P * M** (e*d) mod q == M can be proved as in the above steps * M==C**d mod n is true in that:In proof M** (e*d) M == k3*p and through modulus operationM** (e*d) mod q == M mod q in proof b and because of modulus operationM** (e*d) M == k4*qM**(e*d) M==k5*n because of (2) and (4)M**(e*d) M == k5*n because n= p*qAnd because of modulus operation M mod n == M ** (e*d) mod n and for 0= M nAnd through moving mod n M== (M**e mod n) **d mod n and because c= M** mod n, M== c**d mod n it is through the use of Fermats theorem that RSA is also proofed here which states that a**p-a is an integer and multiple of p can be an integer if p is a prime number.Computational steps for key generation in RSA 1 Start by choosing too large prime numbers p and q 2 Calculate n= p*q 3 Compute (n)= p(p-1)*q(q-1) 4 Selecting a public exponent eÆ ¸ {1,2...,(n)-1} such that gcd(e,n) )=1 5 Find the private key d in that d =e-1 mod (n) 6 Return K public= (n,e), kprivate=dIt is non-trivial when choosing two prime numbers p and q while gcd(e,n) )=1 ensures that e has an inverse and that there is always a private key d.Choosing a Value for the Public Exponent eThe mathematical requirement of e satisfies that gcd(e, (n))=e since e might have no multiplicative inverse mod (n). The two requirements of gcd(e, (p))=1 and gcd(e, (q))=1 are equivalent with n=p*q. To be ab le to compute easily it is necessary to choose a value for e that is prime and has few bits that are equal to 1 that can be multiplied fast and easily and cryptographically safe and secure for example values for e are 3,17 and 65537=(216+1) though small values for e are mostly considered cryptographically insecure. It is therefore necessary to double check that the values of e satisfy of gcd(e, p-1)=1 and gcd(e, q-1)=1 since it is required that e to be a coprime of (n) that is coprime of p-1 and q-1 separately. After making a choice for the encryption integer e, it is important to satisfy that e would also be coprime to the totients (p) and (q).Calculating the private exponent dAfter a value has been derived for the exponent e, Exponent d is calculated from e and modulus n.Modular inversion is used by calculating using e-1mod (n). d is the inverse of e modulo (n) and thus it is possible to use Euclids algorithm to calculate d since (n) is equivalent to (p-1) * (q-1). It is of impo rtance to keep (n), p and q values as a secret because knowing either would reveal the other. This is because by multiplying (p-1) with (q-1) you can get (n) and if you (n) and n you can calculate p and q .Toy example illustrating how to set n, e, and d for a block cipher application of RSAWe are required to use small size bits such as 8bits since the modulus size is set to 16bits because the message integer M must be smaller than the modulus n since the block size cannot be equal with the modulus. With 8bits padding scheme is used here to fill up the rest of the bits. Padding makes the cipher more resistant to vulnerabilities. Recalling that n is a product of two prime numbers p and q then we allocate 8bits to each prime number so that they can be the same so that it is possible to find the prime suitable for 8bit representation. Assuming that the 8bit for p with the first and last bit are set and also that is true for q.bits of p : 11- - - - - - - - - - 1bits of q: 11- - - - - - - - - - 1- stands for the bit that is yet to be determined. Through this it is easier to verify that an 8bit has a decimal value of 193.Modular Exponentiation for Encryption and DecryptionA modular exponential is a type of an exponential that is performed on a mod...

My High School Science Projects - 1253 Words

Machines are on a fast paced evolutionary track that renders them indispensable to the progress of mankind. One such machine that has made great strides in the last century is the automobile. Mobility has always been my area of fascination; the working of a simple bicycle to the advanced Formula One car has always made me curious. During my high school studies I was a student of science and mathematics, both these subjects helped me in unraveling the mysteries of nature by better understanding principles that govern its working. I have participated in several school and inter school science projects, one such project that left lasting impression was that of a study on gear mechanism used in various tools, fascinated by the same I was on self-propelled path of discovery. I am driven by asking the questions: why? and how? and this curiosity developed into a passion for machines as a whole and led me to do an undergraduate program in Mechanical Engineering from PVG’S College of Engineering and Technology under the prestigious University of Pune, a leading academic institution in the automotive hub of India, Pune. The four year course exposed me to many fascinating subjects, my interest evolved as I explored subjects like Manufacturing Process, Theory of Machines, Metallurgy, Fluid Mechanics, Machine Design, Power Transmission System, IC engines etc. I have tried to be in tune with the latest Mechanical technologies by attending courses offered by automotive industry itself,Show MoreRelatedTeaching And Mentoring Experience For Undergraduate Students1312 Words   |  6 Pagesfundamental component of my academic training. 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Relevance of Social Stratification - 1272 Words

Social stratification is defined as the division of a society into a number of hierarchically arranged strata. Strata are the levels or classes in society which are layered in a structured hierarchy with the least privileged at the bottom and most privileged at the top. (Giddens, 1977) A society, or human society, is a group of people related to each other through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or virtual territory, subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. (Lenski 1974) The question being asked, however, is to what extent social stratification is useful in society. To answer this question I am going to look at the concepts and systems of social†¦show more content†¦Aspects of their feudal past persist today. For example, a monarch still stands as Britains head of state and descendants of traditional nobility still maintain inherited wealth and property. Like Great Britain, Japan mixes both the traditional and contemporary in their social stratification system. (Haralambos et. al, 2004) For many centuries of agrarian feudalism, Japan was one of the most rigidly stratified cultures in the world. However, Industrialization, urbanization, and intercultural contact have dramatically changed Japan over the last century. For many though, tradition is still revered and family background continues to remain important in determining social status. Traditional male dominance, for example, remains well embedded. (Ibid) These are but a few examples demonstrating how social stratification continues to exist and apply in the current society.The three most common rewards on which social stratification is determined are wealth, power and prestige. According to Thomas (1995), an individual’s wealth is made up of his or her assets; that is the value of everything the person owns combined with the money earned through salaries and wages. 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Corporate Governance and Value Creation Evidence from Private Equity

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Governance and Value Creation for Evidence from Private Equity. Answer: Case Study A Land Securities Group Plc: Land Securities Group Plc has been founded in the year 1944 i.e. about 72 years ago in London (Shiller 2012). It is a Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) traded as LAND in the London Stock Exchange (LSE). It is headquartered at London in the United Kingdom. The main products of the particular organization include the property investment and property development. It has been found that within the country U.K., the organization Land Securities Group Plc is considered as the largest commercial property for development and investment. The REITs were introduced within the country United Kingdom in the year 2007 and in the month of January. Thus, after the entry of the REITs within the specified country, the particular company transferred into the status of Real Estate Investment Trust (Smith and Wakeman 2011). It has been found from the annual report of the company Land Securities Group Plc for the year 2015 that the total income of the firm was 2416.9 million, the operating income of th e organization for the year 2015 was 2346.7 million (Thompson 2012). Lastly, it has also been found that the total revenue of the organization Land Securities Group Plc was 770.4 million as per the annual report of the firm for the year 2015. The aim of this report is to calculate the daily return of the organization Land Securities Group Plc on the basis of the historical stock prices of the particular firm on one hand and also to make detailed analysis reports on the two case studies A and B. the other objectives of this report are to plot the daily return of case study A and also to prepare a report on the planned investment that uses payback. In this report, for calculating the daily return, the historical stock prices of the organization Land Securities Group Plc has been considered for whole one year i.e. starting from 1st January of the year 2015 to 31st December of the same year. As per the requirement, 250 observations have been observed and calculated. Thus, for 250 days, the close prices of the shares of the company Land Securities Group Plc have been noted with the aim to calculate the daily return of the organization. The daily return of the organization Land Securities Group Plc has been calculated based on the formula (P1 P0) / P0. In this formula, P0 is the close price for the previous day and P1 is the close price of the present day (Berk and DeMarzo 2011). The following calculations help to understand the daily return of the organization Land Securities Group Plc better, where mode, mean, median, variance, standard deviation, frequency distribution and covariance have been calculated for thorough analysis of the financial condition of the particular firm (Drury 2012). Date Open High Low Close Volume Adj Close Daily Return 12/31/2015 1189 1193 1177 1177 600200 1147.064 -0.009259259 12/30/2015 1200 1204 1182 1188 1203600 1157.784 -0.011647255 12/29/2015 1193 1203 1187.04 1202 1349600 1171.428 0.013490725 12/28/2015 1186 1186 1186 1186 0 1155.835 0.000000001 12/25/2015 1186 1186 1186 1186 0 1155.835 0.0000001 12/24/2015 1186 1187 1178.9 1186 162700 1155.835 0.003384095 12/23/2015 1173 1182 1159.86 1182 1076000 1151.937 0.016337059 12/22/2015 1172 1178 1159 1163 1287900 1133.42 0.001722653 12/21/2015 1172 1190 1161 1161 1013300 1131.471 -0.00853971 12/18/2015 1185 1191 1171 1171 2385000 1141.216 -0.012647555 12/17/2015 1200 1208.85 1182 1186 1516300 1155.835 -0.00084246 12/16/2015 1160 1189 1157 1187 2429600 1156.809 0.023275862 12/15/2015 1148 1165 1140 1160 3010800 1130.496 0.01754386 12/14/2015 1157 1179.6 1140 1140 1828400 1111.005 -0.014693172 12/11/2015 1185 1188 1157 1157 2438000 1127.572 -0.024451939 12/10/2015 1190 1202.9 1185 1186 2090700 1155.835 -0.010016694 12/9/2015 1203 1212 1198 1198 2876300 1167.53 -0.004983389 12/8/2015 1216 1221 1204 1204 1446900 1173.377 -0.011494253 12/7/2015 1214 1234 1209 1218 1463700 1187.021 0.009950249 12/4/2015 1196 1210 1186.85 1206 3071700 1175.326 0.007518797 12/3/2015 1232 1243 1197 1197 2793700 1166.555 -0.037007241 12/2/2015 1248 1253 1241 1243 2016700 1203.442 0.001611604 12/1/2015 1232 1244 1228 1241 1769000 1201.506 0.008123477 11/30/2015 1234 1239 1225 1231 1893400 1191.824 -0.00162206 11/27/2015 1221 1234 1216.3 1233 1037200 1193.761 0.006530612 11/26/2015 1235 1235 1220 1225 1131300 1186.015 -0.005681818 11/25/2015 1215 1241 1215 1232 1605500 1192.792 0.015663644 11/24/2015 1222 1222 1201.3 1213 2243600 1174.397 -0.008986928 11/23/2015 1240 1244 1223 1224 1460000 1185.047 -0.019230769 11/20/2015 1258 1258 1243 1248 2192900 1208.283 -0.0016 11/19/2015 1248 1256 1241 1250 1989400 1210.22 0.008878128 11/18/2015 1245 1249 1234 1239 1501400 1199.57 -0.005617978 11/17/2015 1243 1255 1238 1246 2626100 1206.347 0.01300813 11/16/2015 1215 1230 1208 1230 1590900 1190.856 0.008196721 11/13/2015 1217 1223 1207 1220 2886600 1181.174 -0.000819001 11/12/2015 1239 1250 1221 1221 2231900 1182.143 -0.016116035 11/11/2015 1249 1249 1223 1241 4224600 1201.506 -0.00160901 11/10/2015 1270 1273 1228 1243 3545700 1203.442 -0.027386541 11/9/2015 1308 1312 1278 1278 2771500 1237.329 -0.02293578 11/6/2015 1328 1329 1305 1308 1694100 1266.374 -0.011337868 11/5/2015 1305 1324 1299 1323 2037300 1280.896 0.017692308 11/4/2015 1323 1327 1299 1300 2671200 1258.628 -0.017384732 11/3/2015 1340 1340 1320 1323 1676500 1280.896 -0.010471204 11/2/2015 1330 1343 1330 1337 1341400 1294.451 -0.001493652 10/30/2015 1341 1349 1336.3 1339 2146300 1296.387 -0.002235469 10/29/2015 1350 1352 1336 1342 1595100 1299.292 -0.00739645 10/28/2015 1334 1355 1334 1352 1162000 1308.974 0.013493253 10/27/2015 1330 1339 1329 1334 1128800 1291.546 -0.000749064 10/26/2015 1336 1343 1327 1335 1698600 1292.515 -0.002987304 10/23/2015 1339 1346 1334 1339 1623000 1296.387 0.002245509 10/22/2015 1318 1338 1312 1336 1487200 1293.483 0.015197568 10/21/2015 1320 1327 1313 1316 1483400 1274.119 0.000760456 10/20/2015 1315 1322 1312 1315 1394300 1273.151 0.003051106 10/19/2015 1293 1315.5 1293 1311 1572100 1269.278 0.011574074 10/16/2015 1300 1303 1291 1296 1759600 1254.756 -0.00077101 10/15/2015 1292 1300 1286 1297 1346400 1255.724 0.006987578 10/14/2015 1286 1291 1277 1288 1923800 1247.01 -0.001550388 10/13/2015 1281 1290 1276 1290 1209500 1248.947 0.0078125 10/12/2015 1284 1288 1276 1280 911000 1239.265 -0.001560062 10/9/2015 1290 1298 1274.28 1282 1891100 1241.201 -0.000779423 10/8/2015 1261 1294 1261 1283 2305400 1242.169 0.016640254 10/7/2015 1294 1301 1257 1262 1916200 1221.838 -0.023975251 10/6/2015 1309 1311 1292 1293 1700900 1251.851 -0.009954058 10/5/2015 1288 1306 1285 1306 2200200 1264.437 0.030781373 10/2/2015 1261 1277 1248 1267 2193000 1226.679 0.011980831 10/1/2015 1270 1280 1252 1252 1310000 1212.156 -0.005559968 9/30/2015 1257 1264 1248 1259 2522900 1218.933 0.020259319 9/29/2015 1239 1255 1230 1234 1722000 1194.729 -0.015948963 9/28/2015 1278 1286 1254 1254 1478900 1214.092 -0.0203125 9/25/2015 1265 1283 1258.31 1280 1978600 1239.265 0.021548284 9/24/2015 1248 1263 1241 1253 2235400 1213.124 0.004811548 9/23/2015 1220 1255 1212.62 1247 1878000 1207.315 0.022131148 9/22/2015 1237 1242 1219 1220 2612500 1181.174 -0.013742926 9/21/2015 1229 1245 1229 1237 1660200 1197.633 0.000000001 9/18/2015 1225 1250.36 1222 1237 3863600 1197.633 0.00732899 9/17/2015 1219 1233 1218 1228 1957800 1188.92 0.006557377 9/16/2015 1211 1223 1208 1220 1807500 1181.174 0.012448133 9/15/2015 1211 1213 1198 1205 1667600 1166.652 -0.004954583 9/14/2015 1225 1232 1208 1211 2430200 1172.461 -0.007377049 9/11/2015 1248 1248 1220 1220 1292900 1181.174 -0.01850362 9/10/2015 1241 1251 1232 1243 1293300 1203.442 -0.00400641 9/9/2015 1254 1264 1244 1248 1354800 1200.393 0.009708738 9/8/2015 1231 1243.54 1225 1236 1338200 1188.85 0.010629599 9/7/2015 1230 1234 1220 1223 705500 1176.346 0.001638002 9/4/2015 1235 1235 1217.64 1221 1965000 1174.423 -0.02085004 9/3/2015 1259 1263 1247 1247 2148600 1199.431 0.000000001 9/2/2015 1231 1260 1229 1247 1836900 1199.431 0.01879085 9/1/2015 1236 1243 1219 1224 3026100 1177.308 -0.022364217 8/31/2015 1252 1252 1252 1252 0 1204.24 0.00000001 8/28/2015 1262 1262 1241 1252 1687300 1204.24 -0.007137193 8/27/2015 1252 1265 1239 1261 2222200 1212.897 0.026872964 8/26/2015 1248 1263 1228 1228 2610400 1181.156 -0.025396825 8/25/2015 1235 1267 1225 1260 3246200 1211.935 0.035332786 8/24/2015 1244 1252 1195.74 1217 4354200 1170.575 -0.04921875 8/21/2015 1284 1305 1280 1280 2853100 1231.172 -0.014626636 8/20/2015 1308 1312 1297 1299 1899400 1249.447 -0.006880734 8/19/2015 1323 1326 1308 1308 1647600 1258.104 -0.013574661 8/18/2015 1320 1331 1318 1326 1536300 1275.417 0.003025719 8/17/2015 1325 1325 1311.5 1322 1229400 1271.57 0.003034901 8/14/2015 1317 1330 1313 1318 1757600 1267.722 0.001519757 8/13/2015 1320 1327 1310 1316 1878900 1265.799 0.006885998 8/12/2015 1313 1323.46 1300 1307 2226400 1257.142 -0.008345979 8/11/2015 1329 1338.25 1316 1318 2203900 1267.722 -0.012734082 8/10/2015 1334 1338 1322 1335 1543600 1284.074 0.005271084 8/7/2015 1328 1338 1322.72 1328 1255900 1277.341 -0.001503759 8/6/2015 1313 1332 1306 1330 2055200 1279.265 0.009870919 8/5/2015 1312 1317.1 1306 1317 1612700 1266.761 0.003810976 8/4/2015 1300 1313 1291 1312 1378200 1261.951 0.009230769 8/3/2015 1292 1309 1292 1300 1290700 1250.409 0.001540832 7/31/2015 1284 1305.55 1279.88 1298 2498000 1248.485 0.011691348 7/30/2015 1295 1302 1273 1283 1401200 1234.058 -0.007733952 7/29/2015 1296 1303 1282 1293 2938000 1243.676 0.003103181 7/28/2015 1287 1297 1280 1289 1730600 1239.829 0.005460218 7/27/2015 1292 1309 1281 1282 2281000 1233.096 -0.01156515 7/24/2015 1284 1312.36 1282 1297 2485100 1247.523 0.009338521 7/23/2015 1310 1310 1281 1285 2529400 1235.981 -0.013056836 7/22/2015 1301 1312.79 1296 1302 2379500 1252.333 -0.002298851 7/21/2015 1324 1325 1305 1305 3289300 1255.218 -0.011363636 7/20/2015 1315 1332 1311 1320 1236400 1269.646 -0.008264463 7/17/2015 1330 1334 1313 1331 1704600 1280.226 0.003014318 7/16/2015 1316 1329 1313 1327 1311200 1276.379 0.014525994 7/15/2015 1306 1314 1299 1308 1120400 1258.104 0.003837299 7/14/2015 1308 1309 1287 1303 1635400 1253.295 0.000000001 7/13/2015 1300 1308.27 1287 1303 1918000 1253.295 0.012432012 7/10/2015 1290 1291 1281 1287 1420200 1237.905 0.009411765 7/9/2015 1252 1275 1250 1275 1858500 1226.363 0.019184652 7/8/2015 1250 1260 1244 1251 1578500 1203.278 0.0008 7/7/2015 1260 1269 1241 1250 3072900 1202.316 0.016260163 7/6/2015 1244 1251 1229 1230 1654300 1183.079 -0.01521217 7/3/2015 1233 1253 1230 1249 2056900 1201.355 0.013798701 7/2/2015 1237 1243 1230.64 1232 1793600 1185.003 -0.001620746 7/1/2015 1218 1236 1216 1234 3232900 1186.927 0.024916944 6/30/2015 1218 1219 1204 1204 2009300 1158.071 -0.011494253 6/29/2015 1209 1232.59 1205.45 1218 1903500 1171.537 -0.017741935 6/26/2015 1244 1247 1236 1240 889900 1192.698 -0.003215434 6/25/2015 1245 1255 1238 1244 1904000 1196.545 -0.000803213 6/24/2015 1255 1257 1243 1245 1654400 1197.507 -0.010333863 6/23/2015 1259 1266 1246 1258 1440800 1210.011 0.001592357 6/22/2015 1248 1259 1244 1256 1986300 1208.087 0.019480519 6/19/2015 1228 1245 1227 1232 3637000 1185.003 0.000812348 6/18/2015 1229 1233 1213 1231 3327400 1184.041 -0.004045307 6/17/2015 1271 1277 1236 1236 2012700 1181.011 -0.025236593 6/16/2015 1268 1275 1256 1268 2123000 1211.588 -0.001574803 6/15/2015 1266 1280 1261 1270 2160900 1213.499 0.00000001 6/12/2015 1289 1297 1268 1270 2733100 1213.499 -0.020061728 6/11/2015 1263 1308 1261 1296 2343300 1238.342 0.021276596 6/10/2015 1252 1271 1245 1269 1914100 1212.543 0.013578275 6/9/2015 1245 1264 1242 1252 1885200 1196.299 0.004815409 6/8/2015 1253 1258 1243.25 1246 1156800 1190.566 -0.002401922 6/5/2015 1269 1271 1249 1249 1846700 1193.433 -0.018853103 6/4/2015 1271 1287 1255 1273 2302500 1216.365 0.000786164 6/3/2015 1294 1298 1271 1272 2715800 1215.41 -0.017001546 6/2/2015 1331 1331 1294 1294 2199200 1236.431 -0.021919879 6/1/2015 1312 1333 1308 1323 2241100 1264.141 0.007616146 5/29/2015 1328 1337 1310 1313 2614700 1254.586 -0.013523666 5/28/2015 1321 1333.4 1318 1331 1529000 1271.785 0.003014318 5/27/2015 1309 1335 1309 1327 1944200 1267.963 0.014525994 5/26/2015 1320 1329 1303 1308 2601400 1249.808 -0.009090909 5/25/2015 1320 1320 1320 1320 0 1261.274 0.000000001 5/22/2015 1323 1330 1317 1320 3178300 1261.274 -0.003021148 5/21/2015 1339 1339 1321 1324 2199400 1265.096 -0.010463378 5/20/2015 1362 1362 1332 1338 2951400 1278.473 -0.018341893 5/19/2015 1325 1363 1325 1363 3266600 1302.361 0.039664378 5/18/2015 1306 1321 1300 1311 2295700 1252.675 0.001527884 5/15/2015 1300 1317 1300 1309 3119700 1250.764 0.010030864 5/14/2015 1280 1300 1265 1296 1533800 1238.342 0.011709602 5/13/2015 1259 1284 1256.25 1281 1893400 1224.009 0.018282989 5/12/2015 1258 1262 1231 1258 2642400 1202.033 -0.001587302 5/11/2015 1263 1279 1259 1260 1804500 1203.944 -0.002375297 5/8/2015 1279 1284 1244 1263 4833000 1206.81 0.042079208 5/7/2015 1208 1217 1191 1212 3912300 1158.079 0.00000001 5/6/2015 1220 1220.5 1205 1212 2949500 1158.079 -0.007371007 5/5/2015 1236 1250.24 1221 1221 2482700 1166.679 -0.006509357 5/4/2015 1229 1229 1229 1229 0 1174.323 0.000000001 5/1/2015 1245 1245 1224 1229 1222200 1174.323 -0.01601281 4/30/2015 1251 1256 1232 1249 2568600 1193.433 -0.001598721 4/29/2015 1268 1280 1251 1251 2473300 1195.344 -0.008716323 4/28/2015 1276 1292 1250 1262 2018900 1205.855 -0.007081039 4/27/2015 1270 1281 1249 1271 1651400 1214.454 0.001576044 4/24/2015 1274 1278 1255 1269 1785900 1212.543 -0.004705882 4/23/2015 1282 1282 1265 1275 1344000 1218.276 -0.001566171 4/22/2015 1288 1292 1259 1277 1649300 1220.187 -0.00312256 4/21/2015 1285 1289 1276 1281 1242100 1224.009 -0.000780031 4/20/2015 1273 1282 1268 1282 1641800 1224.965 0.01183899 4/17/2015 1279 1291 1264 1267 2140000 1210.632 -0.008607199 4/16/2015 1296 1296 1268 1278 1689400 1221.143 -0.010069713 4/15/2015 1309 1310 1286 1291 1458500 1233.564 -0.009969325 4/14/2015 1288 1305 1288 1304 1820300 1245.986 0.009287926 4/13/2015 1301 1306 1288 1292 2164500 1234.52 -0.005388761 4/10/2015 1292 1300.02 1290 1299 2034000 1241.208 0.007757952 4/9/2015 1280 1293 1277.9 1289 1082700 1231.653 0.010188088 4/8/2015 1276 1278 1267 1276 1147500 1219.232 0.000000001 4/7/2015 1265 1282 1264 1276 1484600 1219.232 0.01350278 4/6/2015 1259 1259 1259 1259 0 1202.988 0.0000001 4/3/2015 1259 1259 1259 1259 0 1202.988 0.00000001 4/2/2015 1257 1260 1249 1259 1284500 1202.988 0.003187251 4/1/2015 1253 1263.25 1248 1255 2214800 1199.166 0.001596169 3/31/2015 1265 1273 1250.5 1253 3182100 1197.255 -0.008702532 3/30/2015 1280 1280 1257 1264 1695600 1207.766 -0.003154574 3/27/2015 1265 1272 1253 1268 1906000 1211.588 0.006349206 3/26/2015 1263 1270 1251 1260 3540800 1203.944 -0.010212097 3/25/2015 1288 1298 1270 1273 1344800 1216.365 -0.010108865 3/24/2015 1272 1291 1268 1286 1748200 1228.787 0.008627451 3/23/2015 1277 1281 1268 1275 1755100 1218.276 -0.000783699 3/20/2015 1273 1277 1264.24 1276 3515300 1219.232 0.003144654 3/19/2015 1267 1284 1265 1272 4328600 1215.41 0.00952381 3/18/2015 1231 1262 1231 1260 1651600 1203.944 0.02189781 3/17/2015 1229 1240 1225 1233 1888700 1178.145 0.00000001 3/16/2015 1222 1235.96 1220 1233 2045600 1178.145 0.010655738 3/13/2015 1201 1222 1201 1220 2664500 1165.723 0.01836394 3/12/2015 1206 1218 1198 1198 2672100 1144.702 -0.01073493 3/11/2015 1212 1220.32 1207 1211 1926900 1149.575 -0.003292181 3/10/2015 1238 1254 1213 1215 2588300 1153.372 -0.01937046 3/9/2015 1263 1265 1229 1239 2375400 1176.155 -0.02055336 3/6/2015 1294 1295 1261 1265 2873300 1200.836 -0.020139427 3/5/2015 1277 1293.36 1277 1291 1628800 1225.517 0.010963195 3/4/2015 1285 1285 1271 1277 2298900 1212.227 -0.00234375 3/3/2015 1285 1291 1278 1280 3089400 1215.075 0.001564945 3/2/2015 1263 1280 1258 1278 3032900 1213.177 0.017515924 2/27/2015 1246 1261 1238 1256 3208700 1192.292 0.010458568 2/26/2015 1228 1244 1224 1243 2049400 1179.952 0.009748172 2/25/2015 1241 1242 1225 1231 1971300 1168.561 -0.005654281 2/24/2015 1236 1250 1233 1238 2200500 1175.205 0.000808407 2/23/2015 1237 1241 1227 1237 2368900 1174.256 0.005691057 2/20/2015 1234 1234 1219 1230 2102500 1167.611 -0.003241491 2/19/2015 1230 1238.67 1223 1234 2204300 1171.408 0.008994276 2/18/2015 1242 1250 1217 1223 2705500 1160.966 -0.018459069 2/17/2015 1241 1248 1231 1246 1735800 1182.8 0.002413516 2/16/2015 1248 1254 1241 1243 1640300 1179.952 -0.0056 2/13/2015 1258 1263 1244 1250 3003100 1186.597 -0.002394254 2/12/2015 1262 1271 1248 1253 2783800 1189.445 -0.010268562 2/11/2015 1269 1274 1261 1266 1474900 1201.785 -0.002364066 2/10/2015 1272 1278 1262 1269 3007100 1204.633 -0.002358491 2/9/2015 1302 1303 1267 1272 1735800 1207.481 -0.023041475 2/6/2015 1300 1312 1295 1302 2514500 1235.959 -0.002298851 2/5/2015 1290 1305 1288 1305 2541600 1238.807 0.007722008 2/4/2015 1288 1295.27 1273 1295 2436100 1229.314 0.007782101 2/3/2015 1293 1300 1285 1285 2924200 1219.822 -0.006955178 2/2/2015 1283 1294.08 1269 1294 1619500 1228.365 0.015698587 1/30/2015 1297 1301 1270 1274 2793700 1209.379 -0.018489985 1/29/2015 1284 1300 1275 1298 1556600 1232.162 0.006982157 1/28/2015 1277 1289 1259 1289 2659000 1223.619 0.01496063 1/27/2015 1282 1292 1265 1270 1676900 1205.582 -0.01244168 1/26/2015 1283 1290 1277 1286 1839100 1220.771 0.001557632 1/23/2015 1279 1289 1277 1284 2040200 1218.872 0.007058824 1/22/2015 1262 1282 1256 1275 2232200 1210.329 0.009501188 1/21/2015 1253 1272 1250 1263 2339900 1198.937 0.007980846 1/20/2015 1245 1256 1240 1253 1962700 1189.445 0.011299435 1/19/2015 1232 1246 1225 1239 1450500 1176.155 0.004051864 1/16/2015 1219 1234 1209 1234 2898800 1171.408 0.006525285 1/15/2015 1207 1226 1196 1226 2597800 1163.814 Mean -0.000108507 Mode 0.000000001 Median 0.000000001 Standard Deviation 0.012762451 Variance 0.00016288 Frequency Distribution 250 For better understanding, the following graphs on the Daily Return and the Closing Stock Price have been performed below: From the above Closing Stock Price graph, it can be said that with the passage of the time within the time period 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2015, the closing stock price of the organization Land Securities Group Plc varies. Though from the graph, it can be interpreted that the closing stock price of the firm Land Securities Group Plc generally lies between the ranges 1100 to 1400 within the particular time period. From the above Daily Return graph, it can be said that the daily return might be a positive value or it might be a negative value. Here, the daily return for the time period 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2015 have been represented in order to analyze the daily return of the company Land Securities Group Plc in detail. It can be said from the graph that the daily return of the company Land Securities Group Plc varies between the ranges 0.05 to + 0.04 within the particular time period. All the calculations and the workings of the descriptive statistics have been shown in the attached excel sheet of the case study A. For better understanding, it can be said that the formulae that have been used for calculating mean, median, mode, standard deviation, frequency distribution and variance are all suitable for calculating in the excel sheet (Flannery and Hankins 2013). Therefore, in the formula bar of the excel sheet, all the required formulae have been provided for each of the statistical calculations. The above graphs on the closing stock price and daily return of the company Land Securities Group Plc and the calculations indicate that the mode is 0.000000001, the mean is 0.000108507, standard deviation is 0.012762451, median is 0.000000001, frequency distribution is 250 and lastly variance is 0.00016288. From these values, it can be said that the financial position of the particular organization is constant and stable as mode, mean, median and standard deviation are p ositive and on the other hand, the value of the variance is comparatively lower (Graham 2013). This relatively lower value of the variance indicates that the firm Land Securities Group Plc had a stable value of stock throughout the year 2015 (Booth and Cleary 2013). Moreover, the positive value of the covariance implies that the variables of Land Securities Group Plc are positively related (Acharya et al. 2013). Thus, it can be advised that the investors can invest freely in this organization Land Securities Group Plc with the aim to earn high return. Case Study B PKB Limited: The firm PKB Limited planned to expand its business by expanding its product range and a possible campaign of marketing. Thus, on the basis of the present financial position of the organization, the Net Present Value (NPV) of the new investment project, payback period (PBP) and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of the new project have been calculated in order to analyze the financial position of the firm in detail (Clayman et al. 2012). All the calculations are shown below: Net Present Value: Cash flow Scrap Value Final Cash Flow year 0 -5000000 -5000000 year1 1360800 1360800 year 2 1443240 1443240 year 3 1410980 1410980 year 4 1377753 750000 2127753 NPV $55,115.52 Workings Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Sales 8500000 9520000 9520000 9520000 Less: Variable Cost 5100000 5712000 5712000 5712000 Contribution 3400000 3808000 3808000 3808000 Less: Fixed Cost 1200000 1493500 1538305 1584454 EBIT 2200000 2314500 2269695 2223546 Less: Interest 310000 310000 310000 310000 EBT 1890000 2004500 1959695 1913546 Less: Tax (@ 28%) 529200 561260 548714.6 535792.9 PAT (Profit After Tax) 1360800 1443240 1410980 1377753 Workings Increased Sales sales increased by 12% 9520000 12% variable cost of year 1 5100000 60% of sales value variable cost of other years 5712000 60% of sales value increased fixed cost 250000 1450000 43500 1493500 Risk free rate 4.70% rate of interest 6.20% 1.50% tax rate 28% initial investment 5000000 Internal Rate of Return: 15% 5000000 Rate IRR 10% 9% Payback Period: year Cash Flow Cumulative Cash Flow 0 -5000000 -5000000 1 1360800 -3639200 2 1443240 -2195960 3 1410980 -784980 4 2127753 1342773 Payback Period 2.631075599 years The report analysis for the case study B has been prepared based on various calculations i.e. NPV, IRR and payback period of the investment that has been made for the new project of the company PKB Limited. It can be said from the above calculation that the new project of investment should be accepted (Ziegler 2012). The reason behind this is that the Net Present Value (NPV) of the specified project is positive i.e. $55,115.52, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is also relatively lesser that is only 10 % and lastly the payback period (PBP) of the new mentioned project has also been calculated that is equivalent 2.63 years. This implies that investment in the new project and the marketing campaign will result into higher return (Gitman and Zutter 2012). In other words, it can also be said that the marketing campaign would affect the viability of the new project positively. The reason behind this is that, the marketing campaign would help to advertise about the products of the company PKB limited and this will also help to communicate among the company and its customers about the products and services provided by the firm. Thus, it can be said that with the successful marketing campaign, the sales revenue of the firm can be increased as advertisement or marketing campaign is a process of communicating between the company and its customers. On the basis of the case study B and NPV calculation, it can be said that the company should invest in the new project as the value of the NPV calculation is positive. As per the thumb rule, any project having positive NPV should be accepted and any project having negative NPV should be rejected. For this case study B, the NPV is positive, thus the new project should be accepted and the investors should invest in the new project for the expansion of the product range. In this case study B, the present financial condition of the firm has already been provided and it can be better understood from the balance sheet of the firm that has been provided. Therefore, for analyzing the present financial situation of the firm the researcher might not calculate the NPV, IRR and payback. However, in the case study B, various assumptions have been provided and the initial investment amount for the new project, its life for 4 years and the various cash inflows amount for each of the 4 years have also been provided. Based on the data provided and the assumptions like increase in inflation rate, increase in sales amount from 2nd year onwards and high tax rate, all the calculations of NPV, IRR and payback for the new project have been done. It has been found that all calculated values are positive and thus by comparing the present financial situation of the firm and the proposed investment plan, it can be said that the investor should opt for the proposed new inve stment plan and therefore, they should invest in the new proposed project. Therefore, it can be found from the case study that there are several assumptions but only a few can be considered as the most critical one due to the feasibility of the project. These include the increase in the variable cost, the increase in the rate of inflation and higher amount of taxation (Esty 2014). Nevertheless, all these critical assumptions can be ignored as from the case study and the above calculations it has been found that the total amount of cash inflow is more than the total amount of cash outflow for the new project of investment (Brealey et al. 2012). This increase in the cash inflow than the cash outflow will continue for spontaneously four years (Roberts and Whited 2012). Thus, it can be suggested that the organization PKB Limited should make this new investment for the expansion of the product range of the organization and possible campaign of marketing. References Acharya, V.V., Gottschalg, O.F., Hahn, M. and Kehoe, C., 2013. 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